What is the definition of stability in the context of a vessel?

Stability in the context of a vessel refers to its capability to return to an upright position after being tilted by external forces, such as waves or wind. This characteristic is crucial for the safe operation of a vessel, as it determines how well a ship can maintain its balance when disturbed. When a vessel is tilted, its center of gravity and center of buoyancy change, and the righting moment created by the buoyancy helps the vessel to return to an equilibrium position. A well-designed vessel will have sufficient stability to ensure that it can handle normal operational conditions without excessive list or risk of capsizing.

The other options do not accurately capture the essence of stability. While a vessel's ability to carry heavy cargo and its maximum weight capacity are aspects related to its design and load capabilities, they do not define stability. Similarly, speed in rough waters pertains to a vessel’s performance rather than its stability characteristics. Hence, option B effectively encapsulates the concept of stability in maritime operations.